Nephrotic Syndrome refers to a group of symptoms caused by various pathological change in kidney. The most common feature of nephrotic syndrome is the large amount of protein in urine. Here, ‘large amount’ mostly means more than 3.5g/d. At the same time, hypoalbuminemia (less than 30g/L), edema as well as hyperlipidemia are also common manifestations of nephrotic syndrome.
Normally, nephrotic syndrome can be divided into primary nephrotic syndrome and secondary nephrotic syndrome. The former one is always diagnosed under the condition of excluding the possibility of primary nephrotic syndrome. The common causes of secondary nephrotic syndrome are various, like diabetic nephropathy, SLE, HSP, hepatitis B nephritis, amyloidosis, medicine or infection, etc.
Here are some possible causes of nephrotic syndrome:
Infection:
1. Bacterial infection: PSNG, Bacterial endocarditic nephritis, shunt nephritis, syphilis, leprosy, etc.
2. Virus infection: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus infection, herpes zoster, type 1 HIV, etc.
3. Parasitic infection: plasmodium, like malarial malaria, Toxoplasma gondii, schistosome, etc.
Medicine:
1. Organomercury, Inorganic mercury, organic gold, bismuth, lithium, silver, etc.
2. Penicillamine, diamorphine, probenecid, Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, captopril, warfarin, clonidine, etc.
Allergy:
1. Bee sting, snake venom, etc.
2. Pollen, immunotoxin or vaccine allergy, etc.
Neoplasm:
1. Solid tumor: tumor on lung, colon, kidney, breast, ovary, etc. Wilm’s tumor, etc.
2. Lymphoma and leukemia: Hodgkin disease, non Hodgkin disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, etc.
3. Transplant organ reaction.
System disease:
SLE, MCTD, siogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, HSP, AASV, cryoglobulinemia, amyloidosis, etc.
Metabolic disease:
Diabetes, myxedema, Graves disease
Hereditary disease:
Alport syndrome, Fabry disease, Lipoprotein kidney disease, congenital nephrotic syndrome, sicklecell anemia, etc.
Others:
PIH, Chronic rejection after kidney transplant, malignant nephrosclerosis, renal artery stenosis, etc.
Normally, nephrotic syndrome can be divided into primary nephrotic syndrome and secondary nephrotic syndrome. The former one is always diagnosed under the condition of excluding the possibility of primary nephrotic syndrome. The common causes of secondary nephrotic syndrome are various, like diabetic nephropathy, SLE, HSP, hepatitis B nephritis, amyloidosis, medicine or infection, etc.
Here are some possible causes of nephrotic syndrome:
Infection:
1. Bacterial infection: PSNG, Bacterial endocarditic nephritis, shunt nephritis, syphilis, leprosy, etc.
2. Virus infection: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus infection, herpes zoster, type 1 HIV, etc.
3. Parasitic infection: plasmodium, like malarial malaria, Toxoplasma gondii, schistosome, etc.
Medicine:
1. Organomercury, Inorganic mercury, organic gold, bismuth, lithium, silver, etc.
2. Penicillamine, diamorphine, probenecid, Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, captopril, warfarin, clonidine, etc.
Allergy:
1. Bee sting, snake venom, etc.
2. Pollen, immunotoxin or vaccine allergy, etc.
Neoplasm:
1. Solid tumor: tumor on lung, colon, kidney, breast, ovary, etc. Wilm’s tumor, etc.
2. Lymphoma and leukemia: Hodgkin disease, non Hodgkin disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, etc.
3. Transplant organ reaction.
System disease:
SLE, MCTD, siogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, HSP, AASV, cryoglobulinemia, amyloidosis, etc.
Metabolic disease:
Diabetes, myxedema, Graves disease
Hereditary disease:
Alport syndrome, Fabry disease, Lipoprotein kidney disease, congenital nephrotic syndrome, sicklecell anemia, etc.
Others:
PIH, Chronic rejection after kidney transplant, malignant nephrosclerosis, renal artery stenosis, etc.
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